Despite recognition of the potential advantages of fluorescenceover UV–vis absorbance monitoring, as well asdemonstration of the viability of fluorescence monitoring inthe wastewater treatment field, it is UV–vis absorbancespectroscopy that has been commercialised for wastewatermonitoring (Langergraber et al., 2003; Van Den Broeke et al.,2006). However, logging and handheld fluorescence instrumentsthat focus on chlorophyll fluorescence or highly fluorescentdyes emitting in the visible light region are usedroutinely for algal monitoring and dye tracing respectively.More recently, in situ instruments have been used in riverTable 1 – Comparison of typical potable and recycled water parameters and the potential for using these parameters indetecting cross-connections.Water qualityparameterReported potablewater valuesReported recycledwater valuesAccuracy(based on HACHonline instruments)Potential for use incross-connection monitoringTOC (mg L1) 0.6–6.4a 6.7c 4% Yes, >4% intrusion0.5–6.2 detectable for extreme values b 2.0–4.0e3.5c 0.1–1 (RO)h1.27–4.11d 0.5–5 (MBR)h0.4–2.8eConductivity (mS cm1) 13–39f 880–1000g 0.2% Yes, > 1% intrusion64–570 detectable for extreme values g 550–800i65–90j1084–1240kFree chlorine (mg L1) 0–0.98f 0.05–0.5i 5% No<0.5lpH 7–9b 7.7i 0.1% No7.3–8.6d 7.0lTurbidity (NTU) 0.1–0.3d 0.1–0.3i 2% No0.09la Duong et al. (2003).b Karavoltsos et al. (2008).c Unpublished data by authors.d (Volk et al., 2002).e Soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) (Drewes et al., 2003).f Sydney Water Corporation (2007).g (Toifl and O’Halloran, 2008).h Reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) (Asano et al., 2007).i Microfiltration (MF) and RO blend (Chapman, 2006).j MF followed by RO (Watkinson et al., 2007).k MF only (Al-Shammiri et al., 2005).l Depth filtration, UV, Cl2 (Sydney Water Corporation, 2004).866 water research 43 (2009) 863–881systems for monitoring dissolved organic character fluorescenceat the shorter wavelength, UV light region (Spenceret al., 2007b). These examples demonstrate that the technologyis available and waiting to be applied.
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