some more recent studies have attempted to explain the apparent 'bias' towards liberalization in greater detail. Liberalization has arguably existed 'simultaneously as a set of "internal" characteristic both of the liberal model and of key multilateral institutions; as an "offshore" threat to, and internal undercurrent within, coordinated capitalist systems; and as the prevailing "rules of the game," structuring relation between national models' (Peck and Theodore,2007:755, their emphasis). One approach assumes that the institutional level can, to an extent, be analytically separated from the production process, and that it can autonomously shape production relations, rather than merely supporting them (Hollingsworth and Boyer, 1997; Coates,2000; Amable, 2003). this insight has been develped by Streeck and Thelen (2005) in their analysis of liberalition .