Identification and Prioritization of Potential Errors
The chemotherapy administration process was mapped out, from patient arrival to departure, in nine main steps (see Figure 1), each of which comprised numerous substeps. The step "establish patient fitness for chemotherapy," for instance, comprised three substeps that entailed checking different types of fitness indicators (e.g., blood hemoglobin, patient-reported mucositis). Thirty failure modes were identified and included potential errors such as "an expired drug(s) is administered" and "there is a cytotoxic drug spillage." Hazard scores assigned to the failure modes ranged from 2-16 (possible range, 1-16), with 17 of the 30 (57%) scores 8 or higher, which, in terms of the HFMEA scoring system, is the start point for failure mode prioritization. The failure modes and their hazard scores are shown in Table 1. Application of the HFMEA decision tree, to further help prioritize the failure modes, proved difficult as the authors found it hard to judge if a failure mode was sufficiently critical to result in whole system failure. The authors eventually discontinued use of the criticality aspect of the decision tree to enable progression with the analysis (although the authors did continue to use the controls and detectability elements in failure mode prioritization). In other words, failure modes were not prioritized if it was deemed that sufficient control measures already were in place or the hazard would be so visible and obvious that it would almost certainly be detected and stopped before it resulted in adverse consequences. For example, the failure mode "a chemotherapy regimen is administered to the wrong patient" was not prioritized because nurses already were required to follow extremely comprehensive official procedures to establish and recheck patient identity. In addition, no evidence existed to suggest that nurses were not following these procedures or that they experienced difficulties or barriers to achieving best practice in this step of the process. Twelve failure modes were deemed high-priority, warranting remedial attention.
ระบุและจัดระดับความสำคัญของข้อผิดพลาดที่อาจเกิดขึ้นThe chemotherapy administration process was mapped out, from patient arrival to departure, in nine main steps (see Figure 1), each of which comprised numerous substeps. The step "establish patient fitness for chemotherapy," for instance, comprised three substeps that entailed checking different types of fitness indicators (e.g., blood hemoglobin, patient-reported mucositis). Thirty failure modes were identified and included potential errors such as "an expired drug(s) is administered" and "there is a cytotoxic drug spillage." Hazard scores assigned to the failure modes ranged from 2-16 (possible range, 1-16), with 17 of the 30 (57%) scores 8 or higher, which, in terms of the HFMEA scoring system, is the start point for failure mode prioritization. The failure modes and their hazard scores are shown in Table 1. Application of the HFMEA decision tree, to further help prioritize the failure modes, proved difficult as the authors found it hard to judge if a failure mode was sufficiently critical to result in whole system failure. The authors eventually discontinued use of the criticality aspect of the decision tree to enable progression with the analysis (although the authors did continue to use the controls and detectability elements in failure mode prioritization). In other words, failure modes were not prioritized if it was deemed that sufficient control measures already were in place or the hazard would be so visible and obvious that it would almost certainly be detected and stopped before it resulted in adverse consequences. For example, the failure mode "a chemotherapy regimen is administered to the wrong patient" was not prioritized because nurses already were required to follow extremely comprehensive official procedures to establish and recheck patient identity. In addition, no evidence existed to suggest that nurses were not following these procedures or that they experienced difficulties or barriers to achieving best practice in this step of the process. Twelve failure modes were deemed high-priority, warranting remedial attention.
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