Discussion
All prior studies examining the life history traits of
black soldier ßy larvae and adults used artiÞcial diets.
CSMA (Furman et al. 1959) and Gainesville diets
(Hogsette 1985), which were developed for raising
house ßies, as well as a 15% protein layer ration
(Tomberlin et al. 2002), have been used to raise black
soldier ßies. May (1961) also examined the development of the black soldier ßy but failed to deÞne the
diet composition implemented. Data presented here
are the Þrst for black soldier ßies raised on animal
manure.