(a) Obtain fluid region forcing term f nþ1
M from Eq. (15) with uF
calculated via interpolation using Eq. (13).
(b) Obtain the thermal forcing term f nþ1
E from Eq. (16) with TF
calculated via interpolation using Eq. (14).
6. Compute non-divergence-free velocity field ~u implicitly with
force f nþ1
M by solving Eq. (4).
7. Obtain intermediate velocity u* from Eq. (5).
8. Compute pressure at time level n þ 1, pn þ 1, by solving pressure
Poisson equation, Eq. (6).
9. Compute time level n þ 1 velocity and temperature.
(a) Compute divergence-free time level n þ 1 fluid velocity
un þ 1 via projection, Eq. (7).
(b) Compute time level n þ 1 fluid temperature Tn þ 1 implicitly
by solving Eq. (8) with force f nþ1
E .
3. Numerical results
3.1. Grid independence and validation test
Flows induced by natural convection in an air-filled (Pr ¼ 0.71)
annulus between concentric circular cylinder and square enclosure
have been reported in recent years and are adopted here to validate
the capability of the present method. Consider a horizontal
concentric annulus between a heated circular inner cylinder and a
square outer enclosure. The temperature difference between the
cylinder and the outer walls introduces a temperature gradient in
the fluid, and the consequent density difference induces a convective
fluid motion. Here, as shown in Fig. 1, no-slip and isothermal
boundary conditions are imposed on both boundaries. The enclosure
length and cylinder diameter ratios (L/D) equals to 2.5.
Grid-function convergence tests are first conducted using four
uniform grids of 200 200, 300 300, 400 400 and 600 600
cells, when Ra ¼ 106. The local and surface-averaged Nusselt
numbers are defined a