3.4. Color properties
The color, with texture and taste, is an important characteristic
in determining the acceptability of cookies (Zucco et al., 2011).
Substituting wheat flour with rice flours in the formulation
significantly affected the surface color of the cookies (Table 3). The
cookies containing white rice flour displayed slightly higher lightness
(L*) and redness (a*) values but lower yellowness (b*) values
than the control wheat flour cookie. The color of a cookie is
generated mainly during baking process from the Maillard reaction
between reducing sugars and protein. Starch dextrinization and
caramelization which are induced by heating also affected the
cookie color (Chevallier et al., 2000). However, Chevallier et al.
(2000) suggested that protein content was negatively correlated
with lightness of a cookie, indicating that the Maillard reaction
played the major role in color formation. Therefore, the increase in
lightness by incorporating white rice flour in the cookie could be
attributed to the decrease in the total protein content. Adding
brown rice flour resulted in decreases in the lightness (L*) but increases
in the redness (a*) compared to those of the white rice
cookies (Table 3). In bread and noodles, similar results were reported
showing that the incorporation of brown rice flour made the
color darker (Chung et al., 2012). This color change could be due to
the natural pigments in brown rice such as polyphenols and carotenoids
(Choi, Jeong, & Lee, 2007).
3.4. Color properties
The color, with texture and taste, is an important characteristic
in determining the acceptability of cookies (Zucco et al., 2011).
Substituting wheat flour with rice flours in the formulation
significantly affected the surface color of the cookies (Table 3). The
cookies containing white rice flour displayed slightly higher lightness
(L*) and redness (a*) values but lower yellowness (b*) values
than the control wheat flour cookie. The color of a cookie is
generated mainly during baking process from the Maillard reaction
between reducing sugars and protein. Starch dextrinization and
caramelization which are induced by heating also affected the
cookie color (Chevallier et al., 2000). However, Chevallier et al.
(2000) suggested that protein content was negatively correlated
with lightness of a cookie, indicating that the Maillard reaction
played the major role in color formation. Therefore, the increase in
lightness by incorporating white rice flour in the cookie could be
attributed to the decrease in the total protein content. Adding
brown rice flour resulted in decreases in the lightness (L*) but increases
in the redness (a*) compared to those of the white rice
cookies (Table 3). In bread and noodles, similar results were reported
showing that the incorporation of brown rice flour made the
color darker (Chung et al., 2012). This color change could be due to
the natural pigments in brown rice such as polyphenols and carotenoids
(Choi, Jeong, & Lee, 2007).
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