This is the first study that measured family empowerment. The survey results provide some suggestion to
support to be given to mothers and families raising a child with autism spectrum disorder.
The mean score of each subscale reported by Koren et al. (1992) were (i) family: 45.8, (ii) service system:
48.6, (iii) community/political: 31.4. Demsey and Dunst (2004), who studied families raising a child with emotional
and DDs in the US and Australia, reported a significant difference in the total scores of FES with 119.43 ± 12.53
(mean ± SD) in the US and 108.45 ± 11.96 (mean ± SD) in Australia (P