The third study cited by the A.P.A. report as demonstrating “substantial advantage” (Abraham & Kulhara, 1987) found that both the ECT and SECT groups improved significantly during treatment but that the ECT group improved significantly more. It also found that ECT maintained its advantage over SECT at two and four weeks post-treatment. At eight weeks “the groups were similar” and the “advantage was totally lost with the passage of time”. Using one-tailed t-tests had, however, doubled the chances of differences being judged significant. The only time that the more appropriate two tailed test produces a significant difference is at two weeks post-treatment.