Behavioral learning theorists use objectives-centered instruction when creating learning
opportunities. Leadership theories that focus on leader competencies (such as emotional
intelligence) may benefit from this approach. However, creating an environment where
behaviors and actions are measured and observed can be a complex proposition.
Moreover, behaviorists feel that what is being learned should be reinforced quickly and
undesirable performance should be corrected immediately. In addition, repetition and
testing should occur on a regular basis. As a result, leadership development programs
should incorporate a number of “real time” opportunities for learners to practice and
Leadership Review, Kravis Leadership Institute, Claremont McKenna College, Vol. 7, Spring 2007 29
perform new behaviors. This real time practice includes coaching from independent
observers or others and offering immediate feedback to participants. In addition,
designers of leadership development programs utilizing this learning theory may consider
linking the subject being taught (in this case leadership development) to some form of
prestige or desirable outcome. For instance, a promotion, a degree, a certificate or some
other reward will motivate learners to incorporate and internalize new behaviors.
Hull argued that learners should be placed in situations that elicit anxiety so they have
incentive to learn and master a given topic or skill. According to Rothwell and Sredl
(1992), Hull suggested “learning will only occur when the learner wants something, must
do something and sees learning as a way to achieve what he or she wants” (p. 335).
When applied to leadership development, designers may incorporate activities that stretch
the learners and remove them from their comfort zones. Further, the activities and
learning moments must be tied to the goals and dreams of learners. McCall, Lombardo &
Morrison (1988) would likely agree based on their research findings.
Objective-centered instruction is relevant to much of the training that exists within
organizations (and potentially the foundation upon which the American education system
rests), because departments and divisions are constantly pressured to show concrete
(many times financial) results for their efforts. Leadership development programs face
these same challenges and a program design with objectives-centered outcomes will
likely appease those funding leadership development programs. After all, some feel that a
part of developing leaders rests upon the ability for the education to shape new and more
productive behaviors; behaviors that have a positive effect on one’s abilities.
Instructors hoping to utilize this method of teaching should: encourage repetition of acts
performed correctly; give frequent examinations to gather feedback on the learning
process; state objectives clearly in advance; provide many different variations of the same
stimuli (because each stimulus-response bond is unique); vary subjects so learners do not
become fatigued; avoid punishment; make learning experiences as individualized as
possible; measure behavioral change; create an environment of anxiety and allow learners
Behavioral learning theorists use objectives-centered instruction when creating learningopportunities. Leadership theories that focus on leader competencies (such as emotionalintelligence) may benefit from this approach. However, creating an environment wherebehaviors and actions are measured and observed can be a complex proposition.Moreover, behaviorists feel that what is being learned should be reinforced quickly andundesirable performance should be corrected immediately. In addition, repetition andtesting should occur on a regular basis. As a result, leadership development programsshould incorporate a number of “real time” opportunities for learners to practice andLeadership Review, Kravis Leadership Institute, Claremont McKenna College, Vol. 7, Spring 2007 29perform new behaviors. This real time practice includes coaching from independentobservers or others and offering immediate feedback to participants. In addition,designers of leadership development programs utilizing this learning theory may considerlinking the subject being taught (in this case leadership development) to some form ofprestige or desirable outcome. For instance, a promotion, a degree, a certificate or someother reward will motivate learners to incorporate and internalize new behaviors.Hull argued that learners should be placed in situations that elicit anxiety so they haveincentive to learn and master a given topic or skill. According to Rothwell and Sredl(1992), Hull suggested “learning will only occur when the learner wants something, mustdo something and sees learning as a way to achieve what he or she wants” (p. 335).When applied to leadership development, designers may incorporate activities that stretchthe learners and remove them from their comfort zones. Further, the activities andlearning moments must be tied to the goals and dreams of learners. McCall, Lombardo &Morrison (1988) would likely agree based on their research findings.Objective-centered instruction is relevant to much of the training that exists withinorganizations (and potentially the foundation upon which the American education systemrests), because departments and divisions are constantly pressured to show concrete(many times financial) results for their efforts. Leadership development programs facethese same challenges and a program design with objectives-centered outcomes willlikely appease those funding leadership development programs. After all, some feel that apart of developing leaders rests upon the ability for the education to shape new and moreproductive behaviors; behaviors that have a positive effect on one’s abilities.Instructors hoping to utilize this method of teaching should: encourage repetition of actsperformed correctly; give frequent examinations to gather feedback on the learningprocess; state objectives clearly in advance; provide many different variations of the samestimuli (because each stimulus-response bond is unique); vary subjects so learners do notbecome fatigued; avoid punishment; make learning experiences as individualized aspossible; measure behavioral change; create an environment of anxiety and allow learners
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