The ends of cylindrical vessels are closed by heads of various types. The principal types used and their characteristics are shown in Table 7.1, Coulson and Richardson, 1999. This Table shows that Torispherical heads are the most suitable. The design equations of the Torispherical heads are taken from Coulson and Richardson, 1999. Table (7.1) Characteristics of vessel heads, Coulson and Richardson, 1999