Early champions of CQI in medicine were special-ists who naturally used process thinking in their work,
such as cardiac surgeons, neurosurgeons, and radiolo-gists. But most clinicians use the quality management
(PDCA) cycle in an informal way in every day prac-tice: they observe, gather data, make inferences, test
hypotheses to guide the healing process, and then use
the experience to improve the next interaction.