2.1. Affinity Diagram
An Affinity Diagram (or KJ method after its author, Kawakita Jiro) [28] is a tool to generate groupings of data based on
their natural relationship through brainstorming or by analyzing verbal data gathered through survey, interviews or feedback
results. Originally developed as a quality management tool, it is now applied in different domains for generating ideas
for decision making. Ishikawa recommends using the Affinity Diagram when facts or thoughts are uncertain and need to be
organized. The various steps of Affinity Diagram adapted from [28] are described as follows:
Identify the problem and state it in a clear, concise and easily understandable way to the team members.
Give the team members a supply of note cards and a pen and ask them to write down issues related to the problem. One
idea should be written per card. Allow 10 min for the writing activity.
Place the written cards on a flat surface. Lay out the finished cards so that all members can see and have access to all
cards.
Let everyone on the team move the cards into groups with a similar theme without discussing. If you disagree with someone’s
placement of a card, say nothing but move it silently.
A consensus is reached when all cards are in groups and team members have stopped moving the cards. When team
members agree on the placement of the cards, create header cards.
Draw a finished Affinity Diagram and provide a working copy to all participants.
In this paper, we have used Affinity Diagram to generate criteria for evaluating city logistics initiatives. The team members
participating in this exercise are representatives of city logistics stakeholders that is, Shippers (Wholesalers), Receivers
(Shop Owners), End Consumers, Transport Operators (Carriers) and Public Administrators. These representatives should be
chosen from different levels of hierarchy across all departments from these five categories to ensure uniform representation.
There is no hard and fast rule on the minimum or maximum number of participants. Ideally, the number should be good
enough to represent all decision makers involved in urban goods transport and urban logistics activities.
2.2.
2.1. Affinity DiagramAn Affinity Diagram (or KJ method after its author, Kawakita Jiro) [28] is a tool to generate groupings of data based ontheir natural relationship through brainstorming or by analyzing verbal data gathered through survey, interviews or feedbackresults. Originally developed as a quality management tool, it is now applied in different domains for generating ideasfor decision making. Ishikawa recommends using the Affinity Diagram when facts or thoughts are uncertain and need to beorganized. The various steps of Affinity Diagram adapted from [28] are described as follows: Identify the problem and state it in a clear, concise and easily understandable way to the team members. Give the team members a supply of note cards and a pen and ask them to write down issues related to the problem. Oneidea should be written per card. Allow 10 min for the writing activity. Place the written cards on a flat surface. Lay out the finished cards so that all members can see and have access to allcards. Let everyone on the team move the cards into groups with a similar theme without discussing. If you disagree with someone’splacement of a card, say nothing but move it silently. A consensus is reached when all cards are in groups and team members have stopped moving the cards. When teammembers agree on the placement of the cards, create header cards. Draw a finished Affinity Diagram and provide a working copy to all participants.In this paper, we have used Affinity Diagram to generate criteria for evaluating city logistics initiatives. The team membersparticipating in this exercise are representatives of city logistics stakeholders that is, Shippers (Wholesalers), Receivers(Shop Owners), End Consumers, Transport Operators (Carriers) and Public Administrators. These representatives should bechosen from different levels of hierarchy across all departments from these five categories to ensure uniform representation.There is no hard and fast rule on the minimum or maximum number of participants. Ideally, the number should be goodenough to represent all decision makers involved in urban goods transport and urban logistics activities.2.2.
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