3.2. Dietary intake and growth rate of hamsters
Table 1 shows food and fluid consumption by the experimental
hamsters; no differences were observed between
groups, but it should be noted that the animals consumed
3.3. Biochemical parameters of hamsters
AST and ALT serum levels were performed to assess
liver function. As can be observed in Table 2, no alterations
are detected in the animal groups treated with the cholesterol
diet and/or tamarind extract, during 10 weeks, when
compared to the control group (Table 2)
The levels of fasting serum glucose for control animals
were within the normal range, but the glucose levels of
the group treated with 5% of tamarind extract (SC + E)
showed a significant decrease when compared to the
normal control (SC + W) (Table 2).
As expected, the serum total cholesterol clearly
increased in the group treated with the cholesterol-rich diet
for 10 weeks (CC + W), when compared to the normal
control (SC + W). Treatment of either the control
(SC + E) or the hypercholesterolemic groups (CC + E)
with tamarind extract, resulted in a significant decrease in
the serum total cholesterol levels, when compared with
their respective controls (SC + W and CC + W). A similar
response was also observed for serum non-HDL cholesterol
levels. Furthermore, the treatment of either group
with the tamarind extract (SC + E and CC + E) resulted
in a substantial increase in the serum HDL levels when
compared to their controls (SC + W and CC + W, respectively)
(Table 2).
Serum triglycerides also increased in the control group,
which was fed with the cholesterol rich diet (CC + W),
when compared to the normal control (SC + W). On the
other hand, both the control group (SC + E) and the
hypercholesterolemic group (CC + E) showed a significant
decrease of the triglycerides levels after treatment with the
tamarind extract (Table 2).
3.4. In vivo serum lipid peroxidation
The evaluation of lipid peroxidation products showed
that the levels of TBARS in the serum were significantly
increased in the control group submitted to a cholesterol
rich diet. In contrast, treatment of both control and hypercholesterolemic
groups with the tamarind extract led to a
significant decrease of TBARS (Fig. 4).
3.5. Antioxidant status in serum and liver of experimental
animals
The cholesterol-rich diet showed a significant decrease
in the activity of GPx in serum, but not in the liver.
Table 1
Mean of food and liquid intake daily and weigh of hamsters prior and after treatment
SC + W SC + E CC + W CC + E
Food consumption (g/animal/day) 48 ± 4 43 ± 11 50 ± 1 49 ± 4
Fluid consumption (ml/animal/day) 138 ± 46 60 ± 19* 122 ± 51 58 ± 21*
Increased in body weight (g) Initial 138.4 ± 16.7 133.9 ± 15.6 123.4 ± 20.0 122.0 ± 23.9
Final 160.7 ± 11.8 167.1 ± 8.7 163.2 ± 7.5 168.4 ± 11.8
W: water; E: 5% tamarind extract; SC: chow without cholesterol; CC: chow with cholesterol. Values are means ± SD, n = 6. * P < 0.01.
Table 2
Effect of tamarind extract on serum biochemistry parameters of hamsters fed with high cholesterol diets
SC + W SC + E CC + W CC + E
AST (U/l) 44.40 ± 14.41 44.14 ± 17.58 41.80 ± 18.3 35.61 ± 9.3
ALT (U/l) 50.07 ± 12.02 36.68 ± 8.04 40.44 ± 3.95 39.84 ± 6.44
Glucose (mg/dl) 103 ± 18.8 74 ± 7.1* 114.59 ± 15.47 97.33 ± 8.17
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 153 ± 22.8 125.05 ± 13.37* 259 ± 34.2 129.77 ± 11.88**
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 48.19 ± 8.68 81.5 ± 3.1* 45.29 ± 4.35 73.22 ± 5.2**
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 105.3 ± 14.2 43.6 ± 10.3* 214.6 ± 29.8 56.6 ± 6.7**
Triglycerides (mg/dl) 380 ± 74.2 183 ± 29.5* 520 ± 74.8 204 ± 25.9**
W: water; E: 5% tamarind extract; SC: chow without cholesterol; CC: chow with cholesterol. Values are means ± SD, n = 6. In each vertical column with
asterisk (*) mean differ significantly from normal control (SC + W) or (**) differ significantly from hypercholesterolemic control (CC + W), P < 0.01.
3.2. Dietary intake and growth rate of hamstersTable 1 shows food and fluid consumption by the experimentalhamsters; no differences were observed betweengroups, but it should be noted that the animals consumed3.3. Biochemical parameters of hamstersAST and ALT serum levels were performed to assessliver function. As can be observed in Table 2, no alterationsare detected in the animal groups treated with the cholesteroldiet and/or tamarind extract, during 10 weeks, whencompared to the control group (Table 2)The levels of fasting serum glucose for control animalswere within the normal range, but the glucose levels ofthe group treated with 5% of tamarind extract (SC + E)showed a significant decrease when compared to thenormal control (SC + W) (Table 2).As expected, the serum total cholesterol clearlyincreased in the group treated with the cholesterol-rich dietfor 10 weeks (CC + W), when compared to the normalcontrol (SC + W). Treatment of either the control(SC + E) or the hypercholesterolemic groups (CC + E)with tamarind extract, resulted in a significant decrease inthe serum total cholesterol levels, when compared withtheir respective controls (SC + W and CC + W). A similarresponse was also observed for serum non-HDL cholesterollevels. Furthermore, the treatment of either groupwith the tamarind extract (SC + E and CC + E) resultedin a substantial increase in the serum HDL levels whencompared to their controls (SC + W and CC + W, respectively)(Table 2).Serum triglycerides also increased in the control group,which was fed with the cholesterol rich diet (CC + W),when compared to the normal control (SC + W). On theother hand, both the control group (SC + E) and thehypercholesterolemic group (CC + E) showed a significantdecrease of the triglycerides levels after treatment with thetamarind extract (Table 2).3.4. In vivo serum lipid peroxidationThe evaluation of lipid peroxidation products showedthat the levels of TBARS in the serum were significantlyincreased in the control group submitted to a cholesterolrich diet. In contrast, treatment of both control and hypercholesterolemicgroups with the tamarind extract led to asignificant decrease of TBARS (Fig. 4).3.5. Antioxidant status in serum and liver of experimentalanimalsThe cholesterol-rich diet showed a significant decreasein the activity of GPx in serum, but not in the liver.Table 1Mean of food and liquid intake daily and weigh of hamsters prior and after treatmentSC + W SC + E CC + W CC + EFood consumption (g/animal/day) 48 ± 4 43 ± 11 50 ± 1 49 ± 4Fluid consumption (ml/animal/day) 138 ± 46 60 ± 19* 122 ± 51 58 ± 21*Increased in body weight (g) Initial 138.4 ± 16.7 133.9 ± 15.6 123.4 ± 20.0 122.0 ± 23.9Final 160.7 ± 11.8 167.1 ± 8.7 163.2 ± 7.5 168.4 ± 11.8W: water; E: 5% tamarind extract; SC: chow without cholesterol; CC: chow with cholesterol. Values are means ± SD, n = 6. * P < 0.01.Table 2Effect of tamarind extract on serum biochemistry parameters of hamsters fed with high cholesterol dietsSC + W SC + E CC + W CC + EAST (U/l) 44.40 ± 14.41 44.14 ± 17.58 41.80 ± 18.3 35.61 ± 9.3ALT (U/l) 50.07 ± 12.02 36.68 ± 8.04 40.44 ± 3.95 39.84 ± 6.44Glucose (mg/dl) 103 ± 18.8 74 ± 7.1* 114.59 ± 15.47 97.33 ± 8.17Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 153 ± 22.8 125.05 ± 13.37* 259 ± 34.2 129.77 ± 11.88**HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 48.19 ± 8.68 81.5 ± 3.1* 45.29 ± 4.35 73.22 ± 5.2**Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 105.3 ± 14.2 43.6 ± 10.3* 214.6 ± 29.8 56.6 ± 6.7**Triglycerides (mg/dl) 380 ± 74.2 183 ± 29.5* 520 ± 74.8 204 ± 25.9**W: water; E: 5% tamarind extract; SC: chow without cholesterol; CC: chow with cholesterol. Values are means ± SD, n = 6. In each vertical column withasterisk (*) mean differ significantly from normal control (SC + W) or (**) differ significantly from hypercholesterolemic control (CC + W), P < 0.01.
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