where Ipv is the photovoltaic panel current, Vpv is the PV out-put voltage, RS is the cell resistance in series, q is the electron charge (1.6 × 10−19C), Rsh is the cell resistance in parallel, Iph is the photocurrent, k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 × 10−23J/K), A is a dimensionless factor, IO is the reverse saturation, T is the tem-perature in K, and NSand NPrepresent the number of cells joinedin series and in parallel, respectively. Generally, every PV cell isbasically formed as a P–N junction. The cell converts sunlight intoelectrical energy while avoiding any environmental issues. The equivalent mathematical model of the PV system is shown in Fig. 9.