The second set refers to policy and regulatory factors that inhibit or facilitate outflows and inflows of skilled labour. Most ASEAN countries do not have an active policy with regard to outflows although some governments (particularly the Philippines) facilitate “labour export” to ease domestic unemployment pressures and earn foreign exchange. As to inflows, all ASEAN governments actively manage skilled worker inflows. Receiving countries are apprehensive of the impact of large inflows on their labour markets, social fabric, and social infrastructure. Thus, they manage inflows through the use of various instruments such