In general, VCSs provide an interesting playground for experiments in the psychology of programming.
They have many of the same usability properties of programming languages, but
without the extremely high implementation costs and challenges to external validity. VCSs play
a central role in much software development practice, and they have much to oer to other
disciplines. However, we have shown that with their current design, they have very problematic
usability, even for professional software engineers. They represent an example where expertise
alone is insucient to give condence, and have a long way to go before oering 'development
without fear'. This is an example of the additional concerns beyond the strictly computational
that must be addressed before the transfer of technology from Computer Science to a wider
population can be successful
In general, VCSs provide an interesting playground for experiments in the psychology of programming.They have many of the same usability properties of programming languages, butwithout the extremely high implementation costs and challenges to external validity. VCSs playa central role in much software development practice, and they have much to o er to otherdisciplines. However, we have shown that with their current design, they have very problematicusability, even for professional software engineers. They represent an example where expertisealone is insucient to give con dence, and have a long way to go before o ering 'developmentwithout fear'. This is an example of the additional concerns beyond the strictly computationalthat must be addressed before the transfer of technology from Computer Science to a widerpopulation can be successful
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