Part I - Principles of Solid Waste Management
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1
A. Definition of developmental status..............................................................................1
B. Characteristics of solid waste in developing countries..............................................1
C. Importance of a sound solid waste management program .......................................2
C1. ENVIRONMENTAL and health impacts..............................................................3
C2. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies...............................................................................3
D. Recovery and utilisation of resources .........................................................................4
E. Scope and organisation of the book.............................................................................4
F. References ......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER II. FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE............7
A. Integrated waste management.....................................................................................7
A1. ELEMENTS of a waste management system........................................................7
A2. WHAT is integrated waste management? .............................................................7
A3. IMPORTANCE of an integrated approach ...........................................................8
A4. METHODS for integrating a waste system...........................................................8
A5. WASTE management hierarchy as a key element of 8
integrated solid waste management..............................................................................8
B. Stakeholders ..................................................................................................................9
B1. RESIDENTIAL waste generators..........................................................................9
B2. BUSINESS waste generators.................................................................................9
B3. PUBLIC health and sanitation departments ........................................................10
B4. PUBLIC works departments................................................................................10
B5. NATURAL resource management agencies .......................................................10
B6. NATIONAL or state/provincial environmental ministries..................................10
B7. MUNICIPAL governments .................................................................................10
B8. REGIONAL governments ...................................................................................10
B9. PRIVATE sector companies................................................................................10
B10. INFORMAL sector workers and enterprises.....................................................11
B11. NON-GOVERNMENTAL organisations..........................................................11
B12. COMMUNITY-BASED organisations .............................................................11
B13. POOR and residents of marginal and squatter areas .........................................11
B14. WOMEN............................................................................................................11
C. Cost and cost recovery................................................................................................12
C1. FEES and charges................................................................................................12
C2. STRUCTURING financing for waste management systems ..............................13
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C3. STRATEGIES for cost containment and enhanced efficiency............................13
D. Other important issues and strategies ......................................................................15
D1. UNDERSTANDING characteristics of waste generated....................................15
D2. MAJOR differences between industrialised and developing countries...............15
D3. IMPROVING management capabilities..............................................................16
D4. PUBLIC involvement..........................................................................................16
D5. SPECIAL wastes .................................................................................................16
D6. WASTE reduction ...............................................................................................26
D7. SYSTEMS of waste reduction.............................................................................28
D8. PRIORITIES for cities of developing countries..................................................29
E. Summary......................................................................................................................29
F. Reference......................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER III. WASTE QUANTITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS ......................31
A. Introduction.................................................................................................................31
B. Quantities and composition........................................................................................32
B1. PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................32
C. Other characteristics ..................................................................................................39
C1. BULK density......................................................................................................39
C2. SIZE distribution .................................................................................................40
C3. CHEMICAL/thermal properties ..........................................................................43
C4. MECHANICAL properties..................................................................................43
D. References....................................................................................................................48
CHAPTER IV. STORAGE AND COLLECTION.......................................................51
A. Introduction.................................................................................................................51
A1. LOW coverage in the provision of services ........................................................51
A2. APPLICATION of inappropriate technology .....................................................51
A3. TENDENCIES to acquire imported equipment ..................................................52
A4. INADEQUATE resource mobilisation................................................................53
A5. INAPPROPRIATE methods of finance ..............................................................53
B. Overview of present situation ....................................................................................53
C. Problems of storage and collection............................................................................55
D. Components of refuse collection................................................................................56
D1. SOURCES and characteristics of the refuse .......................................................57
D2. FREQUENCY of collection ................................................................................59
D3. COMMUNAL storage.........................................................................................59
D4. HOUSE-TO-HOUSE collection..........................................................................59
D5. COST...................................................................................................................60
E. Methods of refuse storage ..........................................................................................60
E1. DOMESTIC and commercial wastes...................................................................60
F. Communal storage methods.......................................................................................65
F1. DEPOTS...............................................................................................................65
F2. ENCLOSURES ....................................................................................................66
F3. FIXED storage bins..............................................................................................66
F4. SECTIONS of concrete pipe................................................................................67
F5. METAL drums .....................................................................................................68
F6. PORTABLE bins .................................................................................................69
F7. CONCLUSIONS regarding communal waste containers ....................................70
F8. CAPACITY margins............................................................................................71
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G. Collection vehicles ......................................................................................................71
G1. HANDCARTS.....................................................................................................72
G2. PEDAL tricycles..................................................................................................75
G3. ANIMAL carts.....................................................................................................77
G4. MOTORISED tricycles .......................................................................................77
G5. TRACTOR and trailer systems ...........................................................................78
G6. LIGHT commercial trucks ..................................................................................79
G7. FORE and aft tipper.........................