birth.Fig 1 depicts data updated to September 2010 and calls attention to the reality that approximately 4 of 10 under-5 childhood deaths are neonatal (most of which occur on the first
day) with that proportion increasing. Furthermore, the early neonatal mortality rate (first week of life) in low-income countries has shown little improvement, whereas the neonatal mortality rate has improved in high-income countries. Each of the major causes of neonatal mortality—prematurity, infection,and asphyxia― leave many survivors with lifelong disabilities or morbidities. Community mobilization and expanded effective services for women and their newly born babies will be necessary for any further progress.