2. Methodology
Frequent outbreaks of water pollution incidents in China result
from accumulation of various risky factors that are not suitable to
be explained by traditional technical perspective of risk management.
The famous causal chain theory (Heinrich, 1959) and Swiss
cheese model (Reason, 2000) about human errors are useful but
need to be modified in exploring the deep roots of the incidents.
Wu et al. (2009) and Tang et al. (2013) have analyzed a number of
famous outbreaks ofwater pollution incidents from the perspective
of human errors, and developed models and discussions about
what behind human errors. However, certain deeper inducements
and relations such as institution and governance have not been
explored in their articles.
The following uses representative cases to extend theory and
develop insights. Case based theory development has been used as
a kind of methodology to develop logically self-evident analysis
and draw insights (Miao et al., 2013). The logic of this paper is as
follows: using multiple cases to provide facts and analyses about
industrial pollution to water bodies in China; extending theory to
identify and explain the latent causality and deeper inducements;
providing case-based countermeasures, insights and theory to
enlighten practice.
This paper extends the works ofWu et al. (2009) and Tang et al.
(2013) through further digging behind interests and relations by
analyzing representative cases, and proposes countermeasures to
the root causes.
3. Materials and analyses
3.1. Analysis of representative cases
Below, using content analysis, we selected total 9 representative
cases in a span of 9 years with each case in each year from 2005.
Each case is one of the most known and influential water pollution
incidents in that year. The facts come from official news reports
with partial information from reliable journal articles. Therefore,
the cases are typical and representative.
Case 1: The Songhua River contamination. On November 13,
2005, more than 100 tons of nitrobenzene and related compounds
were discharged into the Songhua River because of the worldshaking
explosion of an aniline production factory of the Jilin
Petrochemical Company (Li et al., 2008), which, however, claimed
2. Methodology
Frequent outbreaks of water pollution incidents in China result
from accumulation of various risky factors that are not suitable to
be explained by traditional technical perspective of risk management.
The famous causal chain theory (Heinrich, 1959) and Swiss
cheese model (Reason, 2000) about human errors are useful but
need to be modified in exploring the deep roots of the incidents.
Wu et al. (2009) and Tang et al. (2013) have analyzed a number of
famous outbreaks ofwater pollution incidents from the perspective
of human errors, and developed models and discussions about
what behind human errors. However, certain deeper inducements
and relations such as institution and governance have not been
explored in their articles.
The following uses representative cases to extend theory and
develop insights. Case based theory development has been used as
a kind of methodology to develop logically self-evident analysis
and draw insights (Miao et al., 2013). The logic of this paper is as
follows: using multiple cases to provide facts and analyses about
industrial pollution to water bodies in China; extending theory to
identify and explain the latent causality and deeper inducements;
providing case-based countermeasures, insights and theory to
enlighten practice.
This paper extends the works ofWu et al. (2009) and Tang et al.
(2013) through further digging behind interests and relations by
analyzing representative cases, and proposes countermeasures to
the root causes.
3. Materials and analyses
3.1. Analysis of representative cases
Below, using content analysis, we selected total 9 representative
cases in a span of 9 years with each case in each year from 2005.
Each case is one of the most known and influential water pollution
incidents in that year. The facts come from official news reports
with partial information from reliable journal articles. Therefore,
the cases are typical and representative.
Case 1: The Songhua River contamination. On November 13,
2005, more than 100 tons of nitrobenzene and related compounds
were discharged into the Songhua River because of the worldshaking
explosion of an aniline production factory of the Jilin
Petrochemical Company (Li et al., 2008), which, however, claimed
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