There are three facets of scholarship that provided the basis for this study. The
first encompassed the origin, definition, study, and application of self-leadership theory
developed by Manz and Sims (1981). The second realm of research involved looking at
self-leadership through the lens of cross-cultural research. The area of cross-cultural selfleadership
is a relatively new field of study; therefore, this research requires a foundation
based on the scholarship in cross-cultural studies. The primary pioneers of cross-cultural
research over the past fifty years have been Hall (1976), Hofstede (1981), and the
scholars of the GLOBE study (2004). The third dimension involved the emergence of
globalized businesses.