The remainder of the paper examines existing AFIT research, identifies areas that warrant additional inquiry, and proposes extensions.We begin with the primary area of AFIT empirical research, the study of whether and how companies use GAAP-based tax accounts to manage earnings. All but a handful of the studies in this area have focused on two specific tax accounts: the valuation allowance and the income tax contingency. These studies look for evidence thatmanagersmanipulate these accounts in a manner consistent with achieving certain financial reporting objectives. In general, the evidence suggests that managers use these accounts to meet (or beat) analysts’ forecasts, but not to meet (or beat) prior earnings or to smooth earnings.