The effects of controlling shareholders on performance ROA is the ratio of profit before interest and tax to total assets, sales-asset ratio is the ratio of sales to total assets. Tobin's q is the ratio of the market to the book value of equity. In Panel A, the dependent variables are the accounting performance: the ROA and ratio. In models the dependent variable is the ROA. models (4) dependent variable is the sales-asset Panel dependent variable is Tobin's q. Presence of controlling dummy variable, making the value of 1 if the firm has a controlling shareholder. shareholder Controlling shareholder owns 7sl and shareholder owns are dummy variables, the value of the controlling shareholder owns (025-50), (50-75), and 175-100) of the shares, respectively. Pyramids is a dummy variable, taking the value of 1 if the firm implements pyramid and/or cross-shareholding structure. The regression method is the o Each specification includes a set of 21 industry dummies but the results are suppressed p-values for two-tailed t-test are in parentheses.