Participants were recruited using convenience sampling from public health centers, social welfare services, multicultural-family
support programs, and community healthy-family support centers in four urban areas and four rural areas. Of the 466 women who were initially enrolled, 77 did not complete as few as one item of the questionnaire that measured depressive symptoms, 21 made unclear responses to some items, and 52 stopped completing the questionnaire, citing fatigue and difficulties in understanding the questions. This resulted in a sample of 316 female marriage immigrants reported in the study