The Civil Rights Act of 1964, specifically Title VII, prohibits discrimination based on sex, among other things. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA) amends Title VII. Remarkably, these two Acts form a monumental paradigm shift that hospitals and their human resources departments often still fail to understand. A human resources director put this con- fusion succinctly by stating that he believed “there are two schools of thought (hospital paternalism vs Title VII and PDA) on this issue.” One of those 2 schools of thought is wrong.2