his study has shown that β-carotene can be effectively encapsulated within food-grade nanoemulsions stabilised by globular proteins or non-ionic surfactants. A number of important factors that influence the chemical and physical stability of these nanoemulsions were identified. During storage, encapsulated β-carotene had a tendency to chemically degrade, which led to colour fading over time. The rate of colour fading increased with increasing storage temperature, was fastest at the most acidic pH value (pH 3), and was largely independent of salt concentration (0–500 mM NaCl). Our results also demonstrated that β-carotene encapsulated within protein-coated lipid droplets was more stable to chemical degradation than that encapsulated within non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20)-coated droplets. This result suggests that the globular protein used (β-lactoglobulin) may be an effective means of increasing chemical stability of β-carotene in nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Nevertheless, the physical stability of any delivery system must also be considered before selecting it for incorporation into a particular product. β-Carotene-enriched nanoemulsions (β-lactoglobulin-coated) have been shown to be prone to droplet aggregation at intermediate pH values (4–6), high ionic strengths (>200 mM NaCl) and elevated temperatures (>37 °C), which may limit their application in some commercial products. The information obtained from this study is important for designing effective delivery systems to encapsulate and stabilise β-carotene for application within food, beverage, and pharmaceutical products.
his study has shown that β-carotene can be effectively encapsulated within food-grade nanoemulsions stabilised by globular proteins or non-ionic surfactants. A number of important factors that influence the chemical and physical stability of these nanoemulsions were identified. During storage, encapsulated β-carotene had a tendency to chemically degrade, which led to colour fading over time. The rate of colour fading increased with increasing storage temperature, was fastest at the most acidic pH value (pH 3), and was largely independent of salt concentration (0–500 mM NaCl). Our results also demonstrated that β-carotene encapsulated within protein-coated lipid droplets was more stable to chemical degradation than that encapsulated within non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20)-coated droplets. This result suggests that the globular protein used (β-lactoglobulin) may be an effective means of increasing chemical stability of β-carotene in nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Nevertheless, the physical stability of any delivery system must also be considered before selecting it for incorporation into a particular product. β-Carotene-enriched nanoemulsions (β-lactoglobulin-coated) have been shown to be prone to droplet aggregation at intermediate pH values (4–6), high ionic strengths (>200 mM NaCl) and elevated temperatures (>37 °C), which may limit their application in some commercial products. The information obtained from this study is important for designing effective delivery systems to encapsulate and stabilise β-carotene for application within food, beverage, and pharmaceutical products.
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