At Toyota, this is ensured by the so called Total Quality Management (TQM) approach. TQM is an integral management concept coined in the 1940s by W. Edwards Deming, an American statistician, professor and consultant. It can be defined as a set of management practices throughout the organization, geared to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement. One of the principal aims of TQM is to limit errors to 1 per 1 million units produced (Hakes, 1994).
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