However, masculinity is, as Berger,Wallis, andWatson (1995) describe, a
“vexed term, variously inflected, multiply defined, not limited to straight forward
descriptions of maleness” (p. 2). What is certain is that “nothing like
one-way determination of the social by the biological can be sustained”
(Connell 1995, 47). Biological determinism, which sees gender differences
as biologically based—and therefore natural, inevitable, and unchangeable—
is an ideological position used to justify and perpetuate male power