3. Modeling of PV panel
3.1. Dynamic modeling of PV cell
Solar cells with similar characteristics are connected and encapsulated to form the modules which, in turn are the basic building blocks of solar arrays. Solar cells are connected in series and parallel to obtain desired voltage and current respectively for the solar panel. In ideal solar cell, series and parallel resistances are not present but in practical case series and shunt resistance are included due to ohmic resistances and leakage current as shown in Fig. 3. Major contributors to the series resistance are the bulk resistance of semiconductor material, the metallic contacts, and interconnections. Series resistance has significant effect on the PV power output. The shunt resistance is due to p–n junction non-idealities and impurities near the junction.