Ten kinds of J. curcas seeds were obtained from various farms in the South-East Asia region, including India, Indonesia and South China. The kernels were separated from the shells by mechanical pressing, and subsequently grinded into particles (DeLonghi ABL-373) of <2 mm diameter. The raw oil within was extracted via a standard Soxhlet chemical extraction procedure ( BS EN ISO 659). Approximately 10 g of grinded seed particles was put into cellulose thimbles (Whatman, 33 mm × 94 mm) and extracted with 200 mL hexane and a BUCHI Rotavapor R-200 set. The seeds went through 3 rounds of extractions, which lasted for 4 h, 2 h, and 2 h, respectively. Between two rounds, the seeds were dried at 80 °C for 20 min. Subsequently, hexane was separated by distillation at approximately 85 °C, and the oil was repetitively heated under 103 °C for 20–30 min each round, until the weight change between two consecutive rounds was lower than 5 mg
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