• Contingency costs that may or may not be incurred in the future, such as potential clean-up costs from an accident, • Image benefits and costs, often called intangible or “good-will" benefits and costs, arise from the improved or impaired perception of stakeholders (environmentalists, regulators, customers, etc.). Changes in these intangible benefits are often not felt until they are impaired. For example, a bad relationship with regulators may result in prolonged licensing process or stricter monitoring.