Energy managementofplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(HEVs)hasdifferentchallengesfromnon-plug-in
HEVs, duetobiggerbatteriesandgridrecharging.Insteadoftacklingittopursueenergeticefficiency,an
approach minimizingthedrivingcostincurredbytheuser – the combinedcostsoffuel,gridenergyand
battery degradation – is hereproposed.Areal-timeapproximationoftheresultingoptimalpolicyisthen
provided,aswellassomeanalyticinsightintoitsdependenceonthesystemparameters.Theadvantages
of theproposedformulationandtheeffectivenessofthereal-timestrategyareshownbymeansofa
thorough simulationcampaign.