At their meeting in Japan in 1995, the Leaders approved what became known as the Osaka
Action Agenda. Under this approach, APEC established three central pillars to its cooperative work:
trade and investment liberalization, trade facilitation, and economic and technical cooperation. A
more detailed discussion of these three pillars appears below. Building on both Bogor and Osaka,
the next year, the Leaders endorsed a "Manila Action Plan." In effect, this Action Plan put the flesh
on the bare bones of both Bogor and Osaka. It outlined the trade and investment liberalization and
facilitation measures needed to reach the Bogor Goals. It also established a system of collective and
individual action plans which detail the paths by which economies will reach the Bogor Goals.