Thus, the concept has been
simplified into “one step up from commitment” [11] or “the
emotional and intellectual commitment to the organization”
[12]. On the other hand, several researchers defined the
employee engagement concept in term of “organizational
citizenship behavior”. Thus, the concept has been re-stated as
“high levels of activity, initiative, and responsibility” [13]; or
“the amount of discretionary effort exhibited by employees in
their jobs” [14]; or “the ability to work with passion and feel
a profound connection to their company” [15].