In addition to the V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups,
other strains belonging to non-O1 and non-O139 V. cholerae
serogroups (NOVC) have been implicated in gastroenteritis
and extraintestinal infections in humans; however,
little is known about the virulence of NOVC strains. Bielig
and co-workers demonstrated that NOVC OMVs elicit
immune response mediated by NOD1 and NOD2 proteins
in mammalian host cells. Moreover, they provided evidence
that quorum-sensing machinery plays an important
regulatory role in the immune process by attenuating the
inflammatory potential of OMVs under infective conditions