While metformin still remains the initial choice in the treatment of type 2 DM due to its potential pleiotropic effects and excellent safety profile, its widespread use in patients with impaired kidney function is prohibited at least in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages due to an increased risk of lactic acidosis (5,12). By increasing insulin sensitivity, thiazolidinediones may offer an interesting treatment alternative, although their use is problematic due to side effects such as weight gain, higher risk for congestive heart failure and osteoporosis, as well as bladder cancer (13–17). Sulfonylureas and meglitinides, which unspecifically increase insulin secretion, do not prevent or delay the loss of islet cells in diabetics, and lead to an increased hypoglycemia rate, especially in patients with CKD (18–20). These compounds may have an additionally detrimental impact on insulin secretion and thereby accelerate beta cell loss, especially in conditions of beta cell stress such as in NODAT (5,8,18).
While metformin still remains the initial choice in the treatment of type 2 DM due to its potential pleiotropic effects and excellent safety profile, its widespread use in patients with impaired kidney function is prohibited at least in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages due to an increased risk of lactic acidosis (5,12). By increasing insulin sensitivity, thiazolidinediones may offer an interesting treatment alternative, although their use is problematic due to side effects such as weight gain, higher risk for congestive heart failure and osteoporosis, as well as bladder cancer (13–17). Sulfonylureas and meglitinides, which unspecifically increase insulin secretion, do not prevent or delay the loss of islet cells in diabetics, and lead to an increased hypoglycemia rate, especially in patients with CKD (18–20). These compounds may have an additionally detrimental impact on insulin secretion and thereby accelerate beta cell loss, especially in conditions of beta cell stress such as in NODAT (5,8,18).
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