This appeal concerns the anti-trafficking provisions of the DMCA, which Congress enacted in
1998 to strengthen copyright protection in the digital age. Fearful that the ease with which pirates
could copy and distribute a copyrightable work in digital form was overwhelming the capacity of
conventional copyright enforcement to find and enjoin unlawfully copied material, Congress sought
to combat copyright piracy in its earlier stages, before the work was even copied. The DMCA therefore
backed with legal sanctions the efforts of copyright owners to protect their works from piracy
behind digital walls such as encryption codes or password protections. In so doing, Congress targeted
not only those pirates who would circumvent these digital walls (the "anti-circumvention provisions,"
contained in 17 U.S.C. §1201 (a)(1)), but also anyone who would traffic in a technology
primarily designed to circumvent a digital wall (the "anti-trafficking provisions," contained in 17
U.S.C. §1201 (a)(2), (b)(1))