In Bangladesh, Briend et al. found that among malnourished children, breast-feeding protect-ed against death from all causes up to 3 years of age. Although the number of deaths was small, breast-feeding protected against death due to bloody diarrhoea (RR = 0.19) and chronic nonbloody diarrhoea (RR = 0.11). Also, in Guinea-Bissau breastfeeding protected against death among older children. After adjustment for confounding, children aged 12-35 months who were not breast-fed had a risk of death 3.5 times greater than that of their breast-fed coun-terparts; no breakdown by cause of death was given, but diarrhoea morbidity rates were high (up to eight episodes per child per year) and thus as in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, diarrhoea is probably a major cause of death among young children in Guinea-Bissau. Protec-tion was therefore probably afforded against diarrhoeal deaths. In Ethiopia, infants who were not breastfed experienced a tenfold increase in diarrhoea mortality.