The authors define instructional technology as digital or computer technologies
(e.g., computers, CDs, DVDs, LCD projectors, interactive media,
Internet) used for teaching and learning in the classroom. The operational
definition of IT use in this study followed Bebell, Russell, and O’Dwyer’s
(2004) framework for teacher technology. Researchers used the Teacher-Directed
Students’ Use of Technology (TDS) scale developed for the Use, Support,
and Effect of Instructional Technology (USEIT) study as the outcome
measure (refer to Method section).