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External goals relate to the students' use of language outside the classroom: travelling about using the second language in shops and trains, reading books in another language or attending lectures in a different country, surviving as refugees in a strange new world.
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Internal goals relate to the students' mental development as individuals; they may think differently, approach language in a different way, be better citizens, because of the effects that the second language has on their minds. So-called traditional language teaching often stressed the internal goals: learning Latin trained the brain; studying L2 literature heightened people's cultural awareness.