Comparison of the mucosal immune response illustrated thatintranasal vaccination of S377-622-Fc induced a significantlyhigher level of MERS-CoV S1-specific IgA antibodies than thatinduced through the s.c. route in immunized mouse lungs (Fig. 3D),although the IgA level was only slightly higher in immunized mousesera via the i.n. route compared to the s.c. route (Ma et al., 2014a).These data suggest that immunization of MERS-CoV S377-662-Fcprotein induced strong local mucosal immune responses by the i.n.route, rather than the s.c. route.