P1 In terms of chemistry, fragrances are a mixture of aromatic oils and alcohol. Perfume has a concentration of oils greater than 22 percent. Eau de parfum has a 15 to 22 percent concentration. The less aromatic eau de toilette has 8 to 15 percent oils, and cologne contains less than 5 percent oils. The "fixatives," or oils that make a fragrance last a long time, traditionally came from animals. Those have mostly been replaced by synthetic chemicals. The other ingredients came from plants, most notably flowers.
P2 The high cost of natural ingredients is just one of the reasons that perfumers today also use artificial ingredients in their fragrances. Synthetics also allow perfumers to use scents such as lilac that cannot be obtained naturally, or scents from flowers that are too rare to be picked. Synthetics save wild animals from being used for their musk as well. According to perfumer Harry Fremont, "Good fragrance is a balance between naturals and synthetics."
P3 Once perfumers have created a lovely fragrance, it's time for the marketing department to work its magic. The industry spends hundreds of millions of dollars each year to convince people to buy something they don't really need. The success rate for new perfumes is low- only about one in ten is successful, so spending money on advertising is a big gamble. It's also the only way to let the world know about a fragrance so beautiful that a man will miss the woman who wears it when she leaves the room, a perfume so enchanting that it can make us believe our dreams will come true.
1. Which of the following is mentioned in P1?
a. Aromatic oils from plants are mostly come from their flowers.
b. Aromatic oils from animals last longer than those from plants.
c. Aromatics oils from animals are the most expensive to produce.
d. Aromatic oils from plants are more fragrant than those from animals.