Deeper Diving
Aims
Nitrogen Management
! Nitrogen Narcosis
! Dive planning including decompression stops
! Using tables
! Using computers
! Use of Nitrox
Diving and Travelling
! Changes in atmospheric pressure affect diving and travelling
Partial Pressures of Breathing Gas
Partial Pressures
! In a mix of gases, total pressure = sum of partial pressures (Dalton’s Law)
On a Dive
! Increase in ambient pressure = increase in partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen
Oxygen Partial Pressures
Fraction of oxygen (FO2) in mix
FO2 = %O2 divided by 100
e.g. FO2 of nitrox 36 = 36/100 = 0.36
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)
pO2 = FO2 x absolute pressure
e.g. - nitrox 32 at 30 m
pO2 = 0.32 x 4.0 bar = 1.28 bar
Safety limit
Maximum recommended pO2
is 1.4 bar
Maximum Operating Depth
Depth at which the pO2 of your mix reaches 1.4 bar
Example
Max pO2 ÷ Nitrox 32 = MOD
(1.40 bar) ÷ (0.32) = 4.38 bar = 33.8 metres
Using the Partial Pressure Table
Safety Limits
! Do not exceed your MOD
! Select a mix with an MOD greater than your “just-deeper” plan depth
! Limits of 36%=30m and 32%=35m still OK for No-Stop dives only
Nitrogen –
On and Off-gassing
! Increase/decrease in partial pressures = increase/decrease of N2 on or off-gassing
! Deeper or longer increases uptake of N2
! On and off-gassing is at different rates
! ‘Fast’ tissues - good blood supply
! ‘Slow’ tissues - poorer blood supply, fatty tissues
Narcosis & Decompression
Nitrogen Narcosis
Affects all divers
! Although commencing earlier, not generally noticed until around 30m
! Can be noticed shallower
! Effects increase with depth
Cause
! Nitrogen enters nerve cells
! Effects transmission of impulses
! Raised partial pressure of N2 increases impairment of transmissions
! Effects similar to anaesthetics or alcohol
Narcosis - Signs & Symptoms
10-30 min.
Mild impairment of reasoning
Mild over confidence/anxiety possible
30-50 min.
Reasoning with judgment impaired
! Delay in signal responses
! Reading errors, wrong choices
! Idea fixation, anxiety
! Confusion
! Over confidence
! Dizziness, hallucinations
Beyond 50 min.
The severity of all the above increases to a dangerous level!
Narcosis - Factors to Consider
! Increase the effect
! Anxiety, apprehension, inexperience
! Recent alcohol or medication
! Increased physical effort, fatigue
! Cold water, poor visibility
! Rapid descent
! Reduce the effect
! Concentration on task
! Acclimatisation - build up dives
! Being mentally and physically fit
! If you are ‘narked’
! Very likely buddy is too!
! Can cause serious problems if not resolved
! Resolution
! Ascend to shallower depth
Nitrogen – Decompression
On Ascent
! Nitrogen off-gassing from tissues
! Body can tolerate certain excess of nitrogen
! Level may be reached where direct ascent to surface compromises safe release - risk of DCI
! Tables/decompression computers will indicate need for decompression stops
! Allows excess of nitrogen to be reduced to tolerable level before continuing ascent
Oxygen Exposure
Oxygen Partial Pressure Scale (bar)
At high concentrations oxygen is toxic
Know your MOD!
Keep within accepted oxygen exposure limits
Hyperoxia
What is it:
! Too much oxygen
! Oxygen becomes toxic at elevated partial pressures
There are two different effects of Hyperoxia:
! Whole Body Oxygen Toxicity
when pO2>0.5 bar for long periods (recompression)
! Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicity
when pO2>1.4 bar for even short periods (on a dive)
CNS Toxicity Causes:
! Failure to analyse mix / mark cylinders
! Poor dive planning / dive conduct
Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicity
Caused by …
! exposure to high pO2 levels
! long exposures to elevated pO2 levels
Tolerance to CNS toxicity varies …
! from individual to individual
! from day to day for same person
Measure uptake of O2 in body …
! ensure maximum pO2 not exceeded
! ensure length of exposure within safe limits
CNS Toxicity – Symptoms
Reaction to pO2 generally > 1.4 bar
Signs & Symptoms:
! Visual disturbances
! Hearing disturbances
! Dizziness, Nausea
! Irritability
! Twitching, Convulsions
Until convulsions begin, minor symptoms:
! Can occur in ANY order or combination
! Increase in severity
CNS Toxicity – Convulsions
Convulsions
! Tonic phase – do not lift
! Casualty becomes rigid and holds breath
! Clonic phase – do not lift
! Casualty jerks violently (convulsion)
! Relaxation phase - assist
! Casualty relaxes and is unconscious
! Potential loss of mouthpiece
Signs can still occur after pO2 is reduced
CNS toxicity
– accident management
If a diver suffers from CNS toxicity:
CBL to surface even if deco stops omitted
If casualty is rigid, holding breath or convulsing …
! Do NOT attempt to lift
! Wait until the casualty has relaxed
(relaxation phase)
! Risk of embolism in other phases
Remove casualty from water
DO administer oxygen therapy
CNS toxicity – avoidance
! High CO2 levels reduce tolerance to CNS toxicity
! Do not over-exercise dur
ดำน้ำลึกจุดมุ่งหมายการจัดการของไนโตรเจน! Narcosis ไนโตรเจน! การวางแผนรวมถึงการบีบอัดหยุดดำน้ำ! การใช้ตาราง! การใช้คอมพิวเตอร์! ใช้ Nitroxดำน้ำและการเดินทาง! การเปลี่ยนแปลงในความดันบรรยากาศมีผลต่อการดำน้ำ และการเดินทางความดันบางส่วนของก๊าซในการหายใจความดันบางส่วน! ในส่วนผสมของก๊าซ รวมความดัน =ผลรวมของความดันบางส่วน (กฎหมายของดาลตัน)สระว่ายน้ำ ! เพิ่มความดัน =ความดันบางส่วนของออกซิเจนและไนโตรเจนเพิ่มขึ้นความดันออกซิเจนบางส่วนส่วนของออกซิเจน (FO2) ในการผสมFO2% O2 ที่หาร ด้วย 100เช่น FO2 ของ nitrox 36 = 36/100 = 0.36 ความดันออกซิเจนบางส่วน (pO2)pO2 = FO2 x ความดันสัมบูรณ์เช่น - nitrox 32 30 เมตรpO2 = 0.32 x 4.0 บาร์ = 1.28 บาร์ขีดจำกัดความปลอดภัย สูงสุดที่แนะนำ pO2 1.4 บาร์ความลึกการทำงานสูงสุดความลึกที่ pO2 ของผสมของคุณถึง 1.4 บาร์ ตัวอย่าง สูงสุด pO2 ÷ Nitrox 32 =มด (บาร์ 1.40) ÷ (0.32) = 4.38 บาร์ = 33.8 เมตรใช้ตารางความดันบางส่วนขีดจำกัดความปลอดภัย! ไม่เกิน MOD ของคุณ! เลือกผสมกับสมัยมากกว่าความลึกแผน "เพียงลึก"! ขีดจำกัดของ 36% = 30 เมตรและ 32% = 35 เมตรยังคง OK สำหรับดำน้ำไม่หยุดเท่านั้นไนโตรเจน- เปิด และปิดแก๊ส! เพิ่มขึ้นหรือลดลงความดันบางส่วน =เพิ่มหรือลดของ N2 ใน หรือปิดแก๊ส! ลึก หรือยาวเพิ่มการดูดซึมของ N2! เปิด และปิดแก๊สราคาแตกต่างกัน! เนื้อเยื่อ 'รวดเร็ว' - เลือดดี! เนื้อเยื่อ 'ช้า' - ย่อมเลือด เนื้อเยื่อไขมันNarcosis และบีบอัดNitrogen NarcosisAffects all divers ! Although commencing earlier, not generally noticed until around 30m ! Can be noticed shallower! Effects increase with depthCause! Nitrogen enters nerve cells ! Effects transmission of impulses! Raised partial pressure of N2 increases impairment of transmissions! Effects similar to anaesthetics or alcoholNarcosis - Signs & Symptoms10-30 min.Mild impairment of reasoningMild over confidence/anxiety possible 30-50 min.Reasoning with judgment impaired! Delay in signal responses! Reading errors, wrong choices! Idea fixation, anxiety! Confusion! Over confidence! Dizziness, hallucinations Beyond 50 min.The severity of all the above increases to a dangerous level! Narcosis - Factors to Consider! Increase the effect! Anxiety, apprehension, inexperience! Recent alcohol or medication! Increased physical effort, fatigue! Cold water, poor visibility! Rapid descent ! Reduce the effect! Concentration on task! Acclimatisation - build up dives! Being mentally and physically fit! If you are ‘narked’! Very likely buddy is too!! Can cause serious problems if not resolved! Resolution! Ascend to shallower depthNitrogen – DecompressionOn Ascent! Nitrogen off-gassing from tissues! Body can tolerate certain excess of nitrogen! Level may be reached where direct ascent to surface compromises safe release - risk of DCI! Tables/decompression computers will indicate need for decompression stops! Allows excess of nitrogen to be reduced to tolerable level before continuing ascentOxygen ExposureOxygen Partial Pressure Scale (bar)At high concentrations oxygen is toxicKnow your MOD!Keep within accepted oxygen exposure limitsHyperoxiaWhat is it:! Too much oxygen! Oxygen becomes toxic at elevated partial pressuresThere are two different effects of Hyperoxia:! Whole Body Oxygen Toxicity when pO2>0.5 bar for long periods (recompression)! Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicity when pO2>1.4 bar for even short periods (on a dive)CNS Toxicity Causes:! Failure to analyse mix / mark cylinders! Poor dive planning / dive conduct Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicityCaused by …! exposure to high pO2 levels! long exposures to elevated pO2 levelsTolerance to CNS toxicity varies …! from individual to individual! from day to day for same personMeasure uptake of O2 in body …! ensure maximum pO2 not exceeded! ensure length of exposure within safe limitsCNS Toxicity – SymptomsReaction to pO2 generally > 1.4 barSigns & Symptoms: ! Visual disturbances! Hearing disturbances! Dizziness, Nausea! Irritability! Twitching, ConvulsionsUntil convulsions begin, minor symptoms:! Can occur in ANY order or combination! Increase in severityCNS Toxicity – ConvulsionsConvulsions! Tonic phase – do not lift! Casualty becomes rigid and holds breath! Clonic phase – do not lift! Casualty jerks violently (convulsion)! Relaxation phase - assist! Casualty relaxes and is unconscious! Potential loss of mouthpieceSigns can still occur after pO2 is reducedCNS toxicity – accident managementIf a diver suffers from CNS toxicity:CBL to surface even if deco stops omittedIf casualty is rigid, holding breath or convulsing …! Do NOT attempt to lift ! Wait until the casualty has relaxed (relaxation phase)! Risk of embolism in other phasesRemove casualty from waterDO administer oxygen therapyCNS toxicity – avoidance! High CO2 levels reduce tolerance to CNS toxicity! Do not over-exercise dur
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