SRT paradigms emphasise the motor aspects of procedural learning. However,these groups also show learning impairments in non-motor paradigms. Both children with dyslexia [10] and adults with SLI [11,12] appear to have difficulty extracting structure from novel sequences in artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigms. These difficulties in making judgements about grammaticality are not related to problems holding information in mind because deficits are present even when children with dyslexia can accurately recall a training sequence from memory[10,13]. Other studies have found that children with SLI perform worse than typically developing peers at extracting regularities from speech streams in statistical learning paradigms [14], although they can extract relevant information when exposure is doubled [15]. Adults with dyslexia also find extracting regularities in these statistical learning tests difficult, and their performance correlates with their reading ability [16]. Although these tasks stretch the definition of procedural learning provided by Ullman [3], there is some indication that the same implicit learning processes are involved(Box 3).