By the end of the 1990s, big businesses started implementing
“knowledge management solutions”. Knowledge management became a rage
and came to be seen as a highly desirable alternative to the failed Total Quality
Management (TQM) and business process re-engineering initiatives. As a
result, knowledge management projects became big business and source of
revenue for major international consulting firms such as Ernst & Young, Arthur
Andersen, and Booz-Allen & Hamilton. In addition, a number of professional
organizations interested in such related areas as benchmarking, best practices,