standardised procedure and preload portionswere fixed at 450 g as this
has previously been found to be an adequate portion size for male participants
[46]. The addition of 52 g maltodextrin (DE: 15.3, Cargill, UK)
was used in the CHO soup and 17.86 g maltodextrin (Cargill, UK) combined
with 36 g whey protein isolate (MyProtein UK) was added to the
PRO soup to make up 450 g portions. The addition of maltodextrin to
the PRO preload was necessary to ensure both high energy conditions
were similar in EDwhileminimising differences in flavour pleasantness.
The addition of 1% (w/w) MSG (Ajinomoto, Europe) was also added to
all MSG+ soup conditions. The final formulations followed extensive
pilot testing (data not shown) to identify a base soup that was low in
glutamate, and which was rated as moderately pleasant to allow for
enhancement by MSG.