In the STEM Common Measurement System, the construct
definition for application of STEM conceptual knowledge is drawn
from Lingard, Mills, and Hayes (2006): ‘‘students’ understanding of
and thinking about ideas, theories and perspectives considered
critical or essential within an academic or professional discipline or
in STEM interdisciplinary fields recognized in authoritative
scholarship. . .. References to isolated factual claims, definitions,
or algorithms are not indicators of significant disciplinary content
unless the task requires students to apply powerful disciplinary
ideas which organize and interpret information’’ (p. 94) [emphasis
added].