The rate of freezing is also known to affect the retrogradation
rate of starch gels. Slower freezing rates increase both starch
molecular associations and precipitation (Jacobson and BeMiller,
1998) and result in a harder rice starch gel (Varavinit et al.,
2002) and a harder texture in cooked pasta (Olivera and Salvadori,
2009) as well as high syneresis in tapioca starch gel
(Muadklay and Charoenrein, 2008)