Ion exchange is also comparatively costly whereas chemical precipitation leads to sludge generation and involves high capital costs.
The handling and disposal of such sludge is one of the greatest difficulties associated with chemical treatment.
Adsorption is found to be technically uncomplicated as well as economical but the regeneration studies need to be carried out before going for large scale costs compared to other treatment systems
Electrocoagulation (EC) technique has a potential as an alternative technique for the effective removal of heavy metal in an economic way. This enables the water to be reused in many applications, such as water reuse in steam cleaning operations. In general as discharge requirements become more stringent EC will become more essential