% Moisture 7.00 1 0 2.78 I 0
Calorific Value (Gross)
Btu/lb 8336 I 8963 9786 10066
Kcal/kg 4631 I 4979 5437 '5592
Torrefied Wood Pellet
#2
As Received Dry Basis
Basis
1 kg
0.59 0
9934 9993
5519 5552
I
GJ/ton 19.39 I 20.85 22.76 I 23.41 23.11 23.24
% Carbon 1 55.46 55.79
% Hydrogen 6.58 6.62
(excludes H in
36.92moisture)
% Nitrogen 0.09 0.09
% Sulphur 0.02 0.02
% Ash 0.56 0.56
%Oxygen 1 36.70 36.92
% Hydrogen 6.65 ---
(includes H in moisture)
"% Moisture" for the "Torrefied Wood Pellets" refers to the amount of water in the
torrefied wood pellets immediately after the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process (i.e., after drip drying for 5 นาที).
5 "Starting Densified Wood Pellet" is the sample that was initially set aside for testing
purposes.
37
Example 2:
Materials and Methods
In this example, a coastal hemlock ก้อน was quartered and each quarter was used
for testing. Three of the quarters were used in the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process and one quarter was set 5 aside. The initial weight of the quartered ก้อน used in the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process is set out
in Table 2 below.
The small test unit, as described above for Example 1, was used in this example. As
an initial step, the small container was placed on a scale and the net weight of the empty
small container was measured. Vegetable oil was then poured into the small container and the 10 total weight of the small container plus vegetable oil was measured, thereby providing a net
weight for the vegetable oil. One kilogram of unheated oil was set aside for additional
measurements.
After the measurements of the vegetable oil were complete, the gas burner was turned
on to a temperature of about 260°C, and the temperature of the vegetable oil in the small 15 container was monitored. After the temperature of the vegetable oil was stabilized at about
260°C, a quarter ก้อน sample was loaded into the wire strainer basket and submerged in
the heated vegetable oil in the deep fryer เป็นเวลาประมาณ 7.5 นาที. The wire strainer basket with
the quarter ก้อน sample contained therein was then removed from the vegetable oil in the
small container and allowed to drain over the deep fryer for 5 นาที. The torrefied 20 ชีวมวลอัด was then retrieved from the wire strainer basket and its weight measured,
without submersing in a cold water, to avoid any water absorption by the torrefied densified
biomass and contamination of the results. The net weight loss or gain of the sample was then
calculated by comparing to the starting weight of the densified wood pellets, on a dry basis.
The net weight of the used oil was also measured by measuring the small container 25 containing the used oil and subtracting the weight of the small container. Oil loss by
absorption and mass loss of pellets was calculated. This process was then repeated another 2
times for the other 2 quarter ก้อน samples, with the exception that 1 quarter ก้อน was
torrefied เป็นเวลาประมาณ 10 นาที, and the other เป็นเวลาประมาณ 15 นาที. The total weight of the
small container containing the oil was measured prior to each experiment. One kilogram of 30 the used vegetable oil in the small container was collected for additional testing purposes.
The resulting ชีวมวล อัดทีที from each experiment was collected for testing.
38
Results:
The results for Example 2 are shown in Table 2. The test results indicated that all quarter ก้อน samples increased in weight, on average, by about 10% as compared to the original weight of the respective quarter ก้อน, representing the approximate amount of
5 oil absorbed by the samples. In addition, the torrefied wood pellets were found to be
hydrophobic and to have increased grindability (i.e., high Hardgrove scale score) as
compared to untorrefied wood pellets.
Table 2: Quartered ก้อน Experiment
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Starting Weight (g) 1 139.85 1 140.85 1 149.60
Finished Weight (g) _ 156.40 155.25 165.75
Net Increase in Weight (%) 10.58% 9.28% 9.74%
Starting Temp. of Oil (°C) 222.00 269.00 266.00
Ending Temp. of Oil (°C) 266.00 I 270.00 1 267.00
1
Retention Time in Oil (mins) 15.00 1 7.50 1 10.00
10 Example 3:
Materials and Methods
In this example, 2 1-Kg samples of densified softwood pellets made from a blend of spruce, pine and fir were tested in the small test unit described above in Example 1.
As an initial step, the small container was placed on a scale and the net weight of the 15 empty small container was measured. Vegetable oil was then poured into the small container
and the total weight of the small container plus vegetable oil was measured, thereby
providing a net weight for the vegetable oil. One kilogram of unheated oil was set aside for
additional measurements.