In addition, it has been shown that the response of ewes and goats exposed to males can be influenced by their nutritional status. The proportion of goats that displayed oestrous behaviour, their ovulation rate and pregnancy rate in response to male effect were all greater in sup¬plemented females compared with the non-supplemented group (Fitz-Rodriguez et al., 2009; Santiago-Miramontes et aL, 2008). During pregnancy, nutrition can also affect both embryo survival and foetal programming of adult performance. Nevertheless, these tools can only increase reproductive performance within biological limits and should be adjusted to the considered breed and environ¬ment.